Certified Wound Specialist (CWS) Practice Test 2025 - Free Wound Specialist Exam Questions and Study Guide

Lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) is primarily associated with atherosclerosis, which can lead to reduced blood flow in the arteries of the legs. The correct answer highlights several key risk factors that contribute to the development and progression of LEAD.

Smoking is a major risk factor because it leads to the narrowing of the arteries and is associated with a higher incidence of vascular diseases. Nicotine and other harmful constituents of tobacco damage the blood vessels and promote atheromatous plaque formation.

A low ankle-brachial index (ABI) indicates reduced blood flow and can be a sign of significant arterial obstruction. An ABI of less than 0.90 is typically considered abnormal and suggests the presence of LEAD. Elevated risk is particularly present when the ABI is low, as it signifies the potential for ischemia in the lower extremities.

Diabetes is another critical risk factor. It accelerates atherosclerosis and contributes to vascular complications. Individuals with diabetes are more likely to experience decreased circulation, increasing their susceptibility to LEAD and its associated complications like ulcers and gangrene.

Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to vascular damage over time, particularly affecting small and large blood vessels, further compounding the issues associated with diabetes.

In summary, the correct